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Supplement

Molybdenum

Supports electrolyte balance, enzymatic activity, and metabolic signaling.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Superscript reference numbers link to the Sources bibliography.

Strong Evidence
Metabolic HealthEnergyHeart HealthLongevity

Composite Rating

3.8/5

Blends evidence depth, community direction, safety friction, and completeness.

Evidence Intensity

100/100

High depth from human/RCT/meta counts

Community Direction

0

Mixed / Neutral • confidence Minimal

Safety Friction

100/100

High signal from adverse/interaction markers

Data Completeness

100%

Studies 13 • mentions 2 • links 23

Not medical advice. This product is for educational and informational purposes only. It does not diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions regarding a medical condition.

FDA disclaimer: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Dietary supplements are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Results may vary. Not intended for use by pregnant or nursing women, individuals under 18, or those with known medical conditions without physician consultation.

If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.

Implementation Blueprint

Goal alignment: Metabolic Health, Energy, Heart Health, Longevity.[572,720,944, etc.]

Dose guide: Follow product label and start with the lowest effective daily serving..[572,720,944, etc.]

Category: mineral.[572,720,944, etc.]

Category

Mineral

Evidence Tier

HIGH

Daily Guide

Follow product label and start with the lowest effective daily serving.

Dosing Guide

Follow product label and start with the lowest effective daily serving.[1690,1703,5812]

Safety and Pitfalls

  • Elevated adverse/interactions signal in literature; review medications and conditions before use.[572,720,944, etc.]
  • High interaction-signal count detected in literature search.[572,720,944, etc.]
  • ODS safety note: Xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and mARC are also involved in metabolizing drugs and toxins [ 3-6 ].[572,720,944, etc.]
  • ODS safety note: The kidneys are the main regulators of molybdenum levels in the body and are responsible for its excretion [ 1 , 2 ].[572,720,944, etc.]
  • ODS safety note: Molybdenum, in the form of molybdopterin, is stored in the liver, kidney, adrenal glands, and bone [ 2 , 7 , 13 ].[572,720,944, etc.]
  • ODS safety note: Other foods high in molybdenum include whole grains, nuts, and beef liver [ 1 , 14 , 17 , 18 ].[572,720,944, etc.]
  • ODS safety note: diets are legumes, cereal grains, leafy vegetables, beef liver, and milk [ 17 ].[572,720,944, etc.]
  • ODS safety note: Groups at Risk of Molybdenum Inadequacy No known groups of people are likely to have inadequate molybdenum intakes.[572,720,944, etc.]
  • ODS safety note: Health Risks from Excessive Molybdenum Acute molybdenum toxicity is rare, but it can occur with industrial mining and metalworking exposure.[572,720,944, etc.]
  • ODS safety note: In healthy people, consumption of a diet high in molybdenum usually does not pose a health risk because the molybdenum is rapidly excreted in urine [ 1 , 14 , 18 ].[572,720,944, etc.]
  • ODS interaction note: Xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and mARC are also involved in metabolizing drugs and toxins [ 3-6 ].[572,720,944, etc.]
  • ODS interaction note: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed DVs to help consumers compare the nutrient contents of foods and dietary supplements within the context of a total diet.[572,720,944, etc.]
  • ODS interaction note: Interactions with Medications Molybdenum has no known, clinically relevant, interactions with medications.[572,720,944, etc.]
  • ODS interaction note: Molybdenum hydroxylases as drug-metabolizing enzymes.[572,720,944, etc.]
  • Legacy caution group: Gout at high doses[572,720,944, etc.]
  • Legacy caution group: Generally not needed as standalone for most people[572,720,944, etc.]

At-A-Glance Evidence Architecture[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Clinical Depth

Humans: 256 • RCTs: 13 • Meta: 3

Cohort / Real-World

Cohort signals: 0

Safety Markers

Adverse signals: 985 • Interactions: 2,447

Evidence Tracking

Freshness, trend, and study timeline for this item

Evidence Tracking

Status

Updated

Trend

→ Stable evidence base

Depth

746 total studies

Timeline

19932023

Top Signal Metrics[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Animal-only studies

2,623

Interaction signals

2,447

In vitro / tissue

1,132

Safety adverse signals

985

Total indexed

746

Human studies

256

Community Direction Mix[572,720,944, etc.]

Weighted direction score: 0 (Mixed / Neutral)

Benefit1 (50%)
Adverse1 (50%)
No Effect0 (0%)
Mixed0 (0%)

Evidence Quality Summary[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

High when >=2 human meta-analyses, or >=5 human RCTs with substantial human literature volume.

Animal-only studies

2,623

Interaction signals

2,447

In vitro / tissue

1,132

Safety adverse signals

985

Total indexed

746

Human studies

256

Randomized trials

13

Meta-analyses

3

Study Type Breakdown

Distribution of evidence by study design strength

Meta-AnalysesLevel 1a3
Randomized TrialsLevel 1b13
Human Studies (other)Level 3-4240
All IndexedAll levels746
100

Evidence Strength: High

Composite of study volume, RCTs, and meta-analyses

Top Human Studies[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

PMID 35365361 • 2022 Jun

ESPEN micronutrient guideline.

Clin Nutr

Open PubMed

PMID 37872256 • 2023 Dec

Change in Mineral Status After Bariatric Surgery: a Meta-analysis.

Obes Surg

Open PubMed

PMID 16808775 • 2006 Jul

Antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin e for the prevention and treatment of cancer.

J Gen Intern Med

Open PubMed

PMID 19318634 • 2009 Apr 1

Total and cancer mortality after supplementation with vitamins and minerals: follow-up of the Linxian General Population Nutrition Intervention Trial.

J Natl Cancer Inst

Open PubMed

PMID 8049638 • 1994 Mar

Effects of vitamin/mineral supplementation on the prevalence of histological dysplasia and early cancer of the esophagus and stomach: results from the General Population Trial in Linxian, China.

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev

Open PubMed

PMID 8049639 • 1994 Mar

Effects of vitamin/mineral supplementation on the prevalence of histological dysplasia and early cancer of the esophagus and stomach: results from the Dysplasia Trial in Linxian, China.

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev

Open PubMed

PMID 9430262 • 1998 Jan

Do nutritional supplements lower the risk of stroke or hypertension?

Epidemiology

Open PubMed

PMID 8363468 • 1993 Sep

The Linxian cataract studies. Two nutrition intervention trials.

Arch Ophthalmol

Open PubMed

PMID 16896051 • 2006 Aug

Lung cancer chemoprevention: a randomized, double-blind trial in Linxian, China.

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev

Open PubMed

PMID 30190489 • 2018 Sep 6

Wilson disease.

Nat Rev Dis Primers

Open PubMed

PMID 30740986 • 2019

A systematic review on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.): from folk uses to pharmacological applications.

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr

Open PubMed

PMID 37107749 • 2023 Apr 11

Nutrient Adequacy in Endurance Athletes.

Int J Environ Res Public Health

Open PubMed

PMID 37571285 • 2023 Jul 27

Does the Micronutrient Molybdenum Have a Role in Gestational Complications and Placental Health?

Nutrients

Open PubMed

Community Report Frequency[572,720,944, etc.]

Benefit reports: 1

Adverse reports: 1

No-effect reports: 0

Mixed reports: 0

Unclear reports: 0

Signal confidence: 0.00

Top Reported Effects[572,720,944, etc.]

Benefits

  • Sulfite metabolism and detox: 1
  • Supports liver detoxification pathways: 1
  • Purine metabolism: 1
  • May help sulfite-sensitive individuals: 1

Adverse

  • Gout at high doses: 1
  • Generally not needed as standalone for most people: 1

No Effect

  • insufficient no-effect reports captured: 0

Insufficient empirical signal for a directional adjustment.

Reddit evidence: 0 mentions (confidence 0.00).

Amazon signal: 0 products scanned (confidence 0.00).

GNC signal: 0 products scanned (confidence 0.00) [BLOCKED].

PerimeterX / captcha block encountered.

Search fetch failed: Failed to fetch after retries: https://old.reddit.com/search.json?raw_json=1&sort=relevance&t=year&limit=12&q=%22molybdenum%22%20(supplement%20OR%20dosage%20OR%20stack%20OR%20side%20effects%20OR%20review)%20(subreddit%3ASupplements%20OR%20subreddit%3ANootropics%20OR%20subreddit%3ABiohackers%20OR%20subreddit%3Alongevity%20OR%20subreddit%3ANutrition%20OR%20subreddit%3AHubermanLab%20OR%20subreddit%3ASleep%20OR%20subreddit%3AFitness%20OR%20subreddit%3Aketoscience%20OR%20subreddit%3AStackAdvice)

Fallback search failed: Failed to fetch after retries: https://old.reddit.com/search.json?raw_json=1&sort=comments&t=all&limit=16&q=%22molybdenum%22%20(supplement%20OR%20capsule%20OR%20powder%20OR%20experience%20OR%20results%20OR%20side%20effects)

Broad search failed: Failed to fetch after retries: https://old.reddit.com/search.json?raw_json=1&sort=new&t=all&limit=16&q=molybdenum

Use adverse/interactions PubMed signal counts for screening; perform clinician review before high-dose or multi-drug stack use.

ODS fact sheet linked for safety review.

Imported legacy community score: 4.0/10 (heuristic mapping confidence 1.00).

Imported legacy monthly cost signal: ~$6.00.

Legacy community note: Not widely discussed. Mostly mentioned in context of comprehensive mineral supplementation or sulfite sensitivity. Under the radar.

Community Evidence Examples[572,720,944, etc.]

aggregate • unclear

Aggregate community signal: 2 directional mentions (benefit 1, adverse 1, no-effect 0, mixed 0).

Open mention

Retail Signal Examples

amazon

Amazon search for Molybdenum

Rating: n/a | Reviews: n/a

Open product

Primary Source Links

Evidence Sources

  • https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=(%22molybdenum%22)%20AND%20(supplement*%5BTitle%2FAbstract%5D%20OR%20supplementation%5BTitle%2FAbstract%5D%20OR%20intake%5BTitle%2FAbstract%5D%20OR%20dietary%20supplements%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D)
  • https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=(%22molybdenum%22)%20AND%20humans%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D%20AND%20(supplement*%5BTitle%2FAbstract%5D%20OR%20supplementation%5BTitle%2FAbstract%5D%20OR%20intake%5BTitle%2FAbstract%5D%20OR%20dietary%20supplements%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D)
  • https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=(%22molybdenum%22)%20AND%20animals%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D%20NOT%20humans%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D
  • https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=(%22molybdenum%22)%20AND%20humans%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D%20AND%20(supplement*%5BTitle%2FAbstract%5D%20OR%20supplementation%5BTitle%2FAbstract%5D%20OR%20intake%5BTitle%2FAbstract%5D%20OR%20dietary%20supplements%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D)%20AND%20randomized%20controlled%20trial%5BPublication%20Type%5D
  • https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=(%22molybdenum%22)%20AND%20humans%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D%20AND%20(supplement*%5BTitle%2FAbstract%5D%20OR%20supplementation%5BTitle%2FAbstract%5D%20OR%20intake%5BTitle%2FAbstract%5D%20OR%20dietary%20supplements%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D)%20AND%20meta-analysis%5BPublication%20Type%5D
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35365361/
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37872256/
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16808775/
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19318634/
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8049638/
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8049639/
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9430262/
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8363468/
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16896051/
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30190489/
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30740986/
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37107749/
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37571285/
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Molybdenum

Community Sources

  • https://old.reddit.com/search.json?raw_json=1&sort=relevance&t=year&limit=12&q=%22molybdenum%22%20(supplement%20OR%20dosage%20OR%20stack%20OR%20side%20effects%20OR%20review)%20(subreddit%3ASupplements%20OR%20subreddit%3ANootropics%20OR%20subreddit%3ABiohackers%20OR%20subreddit%3Alongevity%20OR%20subreddit%3ANutrition%20OR%20subreddit%3AHubermanLab%20OR%20subreddit%3ASleep%20OR%20subreddit%3AFitness%20OR%20subreddit%3Aketoscience%20OR%20subreddit%3AStackAdvice)
  • https://old.reddit.com/search.json?raw_json=1&sort=comments&t=all&limit=16&q=%22molybdenum%22%20(supplement%20OR%20capsule%20OR%20powder%20OR%20experience%20OR%20results%20OR%20side%20effects)
  • https://old.reddit.com/search.json?raw_json=1&sort=new&t=all&limit=16&q=molybdenum
  • https://www.reddit.com/search/?q=Molybdenum

Scientific Evidence Notes[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

1. PubMed evidence summary: Molybdenum

PUBMED • Humans + preclinical triage

Counts aggregated from automated literature sweep and tiering rules.

Outcome: Tier HIGH; humans 256, RCTs 13, meta-analyses 3.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source
2. ESPEN micronutrient guideline.

PUBMED • 2022 • Human evidence curation set

PMID 35365361 from Clin Nutr.

Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source
3. Change in Mineral Status After Bariatric Surgery: a Meta-analysis.

PUBMED • 2023 • Human evidence curation set

PMID 37872256 from Obes Surg.

Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source
4. Antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin e for the prevention and treatment of cancer.

PUBMED • 2006 • Human evidence curation set

PMID 16808775 from J Gen Intern Med.

Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source
5. Total and cancer mortality after supplementation with vitamins and minerals: follow-up of the Linxian General Population Nutrition Intervention Trial.

PUBMED • 2009 • Human evidence curation set

PMID 19318634 from J Natl Cancer Inst.

Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source
6. Effects of vitamin/mineral supplementation on the prevalence of histological dysplasia and early cancer of the esophagus and stomach: results from the General Population Trial in Linxian, China.

PUBMED • 1994 • Human evidence curation set

PMID 8049638 from Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.

Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source
7. Effects of vitamin/mineral supplementation on the prevalence of histological dysplasia and early cancer of the esophagus and stomach: results from the Dysplasia Trial in Linxian, China.

PUBMED • 1994 • Human evidence curation set

PMID 8049639 from Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.

Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source
8. Do nutritional supplements lower the risk of stroke or hypertension?

PUBMED • 1998 • Human evidence curation set

PMID 9430262 from Epidemiology.

Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source
9. The Linxian cataract studies. Two nutrition intervention trials.

PUBMED • 1993 • Human evidence curation set

PMID 8363468 from Arch Ophthalmol.

Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source
10. Lung cancer chemoprevention: a randomized, double-blind trial in Linxian, China.

PUBMED • 2006 • Human evidence curation set

PMID 16896051 from Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.

Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source
11. Wilson disease.

PUBMED • 2018 • Human evidence curation set

PMID 30190489 from Nat Rev Dis Primers.

Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source
12. A systematic review on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.): from folk uses to pharmacological applications.

PUBMED • 2019 • Human evidence curation set

PMID 30740986 from Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.

Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source
13. Nutrient Adequacy in Endurance Athletes.

PUBMED • 2023 • Human evidence curation set

PMID 37107749 from Int J Environ Res Public Health.

Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source
14. Does the Micronutrient Molybdenum Have a Role in Gestational Complications and Placental Health?

PUBMED • 2023 • Human evidence curation set

PMID 37571285 from Nutrients.

Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[1690,1703,1902, etc.]

Open source